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This book addresses the concept of liberation for women. De Beauvoir argues that true liberation can only be achieved through women's assertion of their autonomy and agency. This requires women to reject the roles and expectations imposed upon them by society and to strive for self-realization and fulfillment on their own terms. Writer: Shabnam Niazi

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The Causes of Women's Suicide in Afghanistan

The causes of women's suicide in Afghanistan are multifaceted, deeply rooted in the complex social, cultural, and economic landscape of the country. Afghanistan has long been characterized by instability, conflict, and conservative societal norms, all of which contribute to the immense challenges faced by women. Understanding the factors behind women's suicides requires a nuanced examination of various interconnected issues: 1. Gender-Based Violence: Afghan women often face high levels of gender-based violence, including domestic abuse, forced marriages, and honor killings. The lack of legal protection and support services for survivors exacerbates their vulnerability. Faced with relentless violence and oppression, some women may see suicide as the only escape from their unbearable circumstances. 2. Restricted Rights and Opportunities: Women in Afghanistan have historically been deprived of basic rights and opportunities, including access to education, employment, and healthcare. Discriminatory laws and societal attitudes limit their autonomy and perpetuate their marginalization. The sense of hopelessness stemming from limited prospects for a better future can contribute to feelings of despair and suicide ideation among women. Mental Health Stigma: Mental health issues are heavily stigmatized in Afghan culture, often viewed as a sign of weakness or moral failing. This stigma prevents many women from seeking help for their psychological distress, leaving them to suffer in silence. Without adequate mental health support and resources, women may resort to suicide as a desperate means of coping with their mental anguish. Poverty and Economic Hardship: Afghanistan ranks among the poorest countries globally, with a significant portion of the population living below the poverty line. Women, particularly those who are widowed, divorced, or heads of households, bear the brunt of economic hardship. The struggle to provide for themselves and their families, coupled with the lack of social safety nets, can push women to the brink of despair, driving some to take their own lives. Forced and Child Marriages: Forced and child marriages remain prevalent in Afghanistan, despite legal restrictions. Young girls forced into marriages often face abuse, exploitation, and early pregnancies, which can have devastating effects on their physical and mental well-being. The overwhelming burdens and traumas associated with forced marriages can lead some women to contemplate suicide as a means of escape. 3. Conflict and Instability: Afghanistan has been plagued by decades of conflict, resulting in widespread displacement, loss of livelihoods, and trauma. Women, in particular, are disproportionately affected by the violence and upheaval, facing increased risks of displacement, injury, and loss of loved ones. The pervasive atmosphere of fear and uncertainty can contribute to feelings of hopelessness and despair, driving some women to consider suicide as a way to end their suffering. Addressing the root causes of women's suicides in Afghanistan requires comprehensive efforts to dismantle systemic gender inequality, promote women's rights and empowerment, expand access to mental health services, alleviate poverty, and foster peace and stability in the region. Only through concerted action at the societal, institutional, and international levels can meaningful progress be made towards preventing further loss of life among Afghan women. Writer: Shabnam Niazi

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250 Ways to Say It in Business English

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